Appendix
The paralleled historical development of important civic institutions
19th Century Universities
- Emerged out of the growing needs of cities
- Local entrepreneurs and civic leaders needs for scientific knowledge and skilled workforce - Industrial Revolution
19th Century Housing Associations
- Poverty, destitution alleviation in absence of the state
- Rooted in philanthropy and charity brought by growth of middle classes and Industrial Revolution
20th Century Universities
- Central government increased control of Higher Education
- Increased research funding
- Rolled out diverse set of institutions
- International footprint and collaboration
20th Century Housing Associations
- Cathy Come Home - response to growing homelessness
- Mixed tenure and private finance
- Diversification - care, support, student and market renting, shared ownership
21st Century Universities
- Global knowledge economies - ecosystem
- Cutting edge of innovation through research, ideas development, collaboration and innovation
- Anchor institutions - rooted in place?
21st Century Housing Associations
- De facto state providers
- Decarbonisation
- Consumer regulation driven
- Anchor instructions - rooted in place?